Catholic Encyclopedia (1. Cathedral - Wikisource, the free online library. The chief church of a diocese, in which the bishop has his throne () and close to which is his residence; it is, properly speaking, the bishop's church, wherein he presides, teaches, and conducts worship for the whole Christian community. The word is derived from the Greek kathedra through the Latin cathedra, throne, elevated seat. In early ecclesiastical literature it always conveyed the idea of authority. Christ Himself spoke of the scribes and Pharisees as seated on the chair of Moses (Matthew 2. Chair of St. Peter (at Antioch and Rome) to show that, in the language of the Fathers as well as among the monuments of antiquity, the cathedra was the principal symbol of authority. Chaire) In the Latin Church the official name is ecclesia cathedralis; nevertheless, this expression is not wholly identical with that of ecclesia episcopalis, also an official title, which indicates the church of one who is only a bishop, while the churches of the higher- ranking prelates take their names from the dignity of their incumbents; ecclesiae archiepiscopalis, metropolitanae, primatialis, patriarchalis. In the East the word cathedral does not exist, the episcopal church being known simply as . Clugnet, Dictionnaire grec- fran. The San Francisco call. June 16, 1895, Image 1 About The San Francisco call. They brought the low flatboat imme diately beneath the steps to the throne. Throughout much of human history societies have been governed. Wilhelm II or William II (German. In 1913, Wilhelm hosted a. Industry information at your fingertips. Over 200,000 Hollywood insiders. Enhance your IMDb Page. What seems to predominate is the name of the city; at the consecration of a bishop it is simply said that he is destined for the church of God in a given city. In popular usage the cathedral is variously named. In France, England, and English- speaking countries the word cathedral is general; occasionally it gives way to the expression, metropolitan church (la metropole). In Lyons it is known as the primatial church, in reference to the special dignity of the archbishop. In Spain it is called la seo or la seu (the see). In one instance the city itself is thus known, Urgel being called la seo d'Urgel or simply la seo. In Italy the cathedral is called il duomo, and in some parts of Germany, especially in the ecclesiastical province of Cologne, der Dom (whence the German term Domherr, canon), the episcopal church being looked on as preeminently the house of god or of the saint of whom it was named (Du. First World War.com - A multimedia history of world war one. The specific steps to the World War, and the division into two sides. Franco-Prussian War to Sarajevo. Some of the more important steps leading to the Great War can. Traditions and Symbols. This painting by Charles Huot has been hanging above the Throne since 1913. This was a key moment during which the French majority took one of the first steps to adapt the English parliamentary. Cange, Glossar., med. Ecclesia, domo, and domus). At Strasburg and elsewhere in Germany the cathedral is called M. Medieval documents and writers offer other names for the cathedral church. The following are found in the above mentioned work of Du Cange (s. Ecclesia): ecclesia major, ecclesia mater, ecclesia principalis, ecclesia senior, more frequently ecclesia matrix. The last appellation was current in Northern Africa (Fulgentius Ferrandus, Breviatio canonum, nos. L., LXVII, 9. 50) and has been consecrated y the canon law; Innocent III says quite explicitly (e. Venerabili, 1. 2, de verb. What properly constitutes a cathedral is its assignment by competent authority as the residence of the bishop in his hierarchical capacity, and the principal church of a diocese is naturally best adapted to this purpose. Such official designation is known as canonical erection and necessarily accompanies the formation of a new diocese. At present, and for a long time past, new dioceses are formed by a division (dismembratio) of older ones. Erection and division being what are known in canon law as important affairs (causae majores) are reserved to the sovereign pontiff, and the erection of cathedrals likewise belongs to him. Very often the Apostolic Letters by which a new diocese is created expressly designate the cathedral church; again, however (and such is usual in the United States), the episcopal city being named the bishop is left free to select his church (III Conc. The transfer of a cathedral can occur in two ways: First, the episcopal residence may be moved from one city to another within the same diocese, in which event the cathedral also would have to be changed; such a transfer would require the intervention of the Holy See, since it created the diocese and assigned the bishop to his first residence. Second, the cathedral may be transferred from one church to another within the same city, either to a church already in use or to one built specially for the purpose. As the mere act of rebuilding does not necessitate the removal to another city and hence a change of episcopal title, this second kind of transfer requires no papal authorization. The consent of the bishop and the clergy of the cathedral would therefore regularly suffice, presupposing, of course, reasonable motives, e. Ecclesia Cathedralis, II, n. In both of the above methods it is necessary to transfer with the cathedral all that is characteristic of it or essential to it as such: first the name and pre- eminence of cathedral, then the chapter and clergy, and finally the title in all movables and real estate, except what belongs to the former cathedral in its capacity of parish church. The suppression of a cathedral follows that of a diocese - - just as its establishment follows the creation of a diocese - - but does not do away with the church itself as a place of worship. Ecclesiastical law, based on the constitution of the Church, provides that there shall be but one bishop of each diocese. The bishop, of course, is at home in all the churches of his diocese, and in any or all of them he is at liberty to erect a temporary throne or seat (cathedra) symbolic of his episcopal jurisdiction, but there is only one cathedral. This unity of residence is implied by the unity of headship and direction, and canonists add that the unity of the mystical marriage of the bishop with his church signifies the unity of his spiritual spouse. To this rule of residence there are two so- called exceptions. The first deals with two or even three dioceses united aeque principaliter, i. Such cases are not uncommon in Italy, e. This combining of dioceses was authorized by the Council of Trent (Sess. XIII, de ref.) to meet the insufficiency of resources in certain cases. But while in this case the same bishop has several cathedrals, yet there is but one in each diocese. The following passage relative to a seminary in the Diocese of Piperno clearly establishes the legitimate existence of these cathedrals of united dioceses (Privernen., Aperitionis seminarii, 1. March, 1. 77. 1, in Pallottini, loc cit., n. The union is really only a personal one, inasmuch as henceforth one bishop is charged with the government of all the sees thus united. One of the oldest examples is that of the ancient cathedral on Mount Sion in Jerusalem, which ceased to be a cathedral when the bishop's see was transferred to the great Constantinian church erected on Calvary (Duchesne, Christian Worship, tr. London, 1. 90. 3, 4. Sometimes an episcopal see was transferred to another city of the diocese without losing its first title: thus the see Perpignan still preserves the ancient title of the city of Elne. Several of the ancient French episcopal titles, suppressed by the concordat of 1. Archdiocese of Aix carries with it the titles of the suppressed dioceses of Arles and Embrun. But such honorary survivals of ancient cathedrals in no wise conflict with the unity of the real cathedral. Formerly a solemn consecration or dedication was requisite to set apart churches for purposes of worship. But for many centuries it has sufficed, at least for churches of minor importance, that they be blessed according to the form provided in the Ritual. The obligation, however, of consecrating cathedrals has always been maintained in the liturgical books of the Roman Church, and was formerly renewed for the ecclesiastical province of Rome by the Roman provincial council of 1. Benedict XIII (tit. This is all the more imperative for the cathedral because the anniversary of its dedication must be celebrated by all the clergy of the diocese. Canon law does not specify the form and dimensions of the cathedral; nevertheless, it supposes the edifice sufficiently spacious to accommodate a large assemblage of the faithful on the occasion of elaborate pontifical ceremonies. If possible, the choir, sanctuary, and nave should be of suitable proportions, and besides the altar and general equipment necessary in other churches, the cathedral should have a permanent episcopal seat. The word cathedra, so expressive in the language of antiquity, has gradually been replaced in liturgical usage, by throne (thronus) or seat (sedes). In either case the throne should have an approach of three steps and be surmounted by a canopy as a sign of honor. When the bishop pontificates, the steps of the throne should be carpeted and both the throne proper and the canopy be decorated with costly materials. The thronos of the Greek bishop is the same, except that its very high back is surmounted by an icon, or sacred image. The cathedral should also have its baptismal fonts (q. Finally, not only should it have an ample supply of the sacerdotal vestments and sacred vessels required in all churches, but also of the vestments and pontifical insignia used by the bishop in solemn ceremonies. As personnel or staff, ecclesiastical law requires that a cathedral should have a chapter (q. The chief obligation of the chapter is daily to celebrate the Divine Office and Holy Sacrifice of the Mass in the name of the entire Christian community. Its members, dignitaries, and canons escort and assist the bishop when he pontificates; even when he merely presides at the services they form an entourage of honor for him. In the United States there are no chapters, properly so called, these being replaced to a certain extent by . The solemnity of the ceremonies also calls for a greater or lesser number of ecclesiastics of lower rank; there exists, however, no definite legislation on this head. It is sometimes asked whether the cathedral can be a parish church. Opium Wars against Western powers led by Great Britain resulted in the loss of. Hong Kong, forced opening of . The combination of increasing imperialist demands (from both. Japan and the West), frustration with the foreign Manchu Government embodied by. Qing court, and the desire to see a unified China less parochial in outlook. In 1. 90. 5, the court abolished the examination system. Chinese classics. Faced with increasing foreign challenges, it worked to. With its central power weakening, the court also. Sun Yat- sen led the amalgam of groups that. Revolutionary Alliance or Tongmenghui. The Revolutionary. Alliance advocated replacing Qing rule with a republican government; Sun himself. The Revolutionary Alliance attempted seven or. Qing in the years leading up to the. China and all of which were. Qing army. They named Yuan Shikai the new. China, but before he was able to retake the captured areas from the. Revolutionary Alliance. Sun was in the United States on a fundraising tour. London and Paris to. Qing. government in its struggle. By the time he returned to China, the. Nanjing, a former capital under the Ming Dynasty, and. Together, they elected Dr. Sun the provisional president of the newly. Republic of China.
Though the new government created the Republic of China and. Nanjing, it failed to unify the country. The Qing withdrawal led to a power vacuum in certain regions. These warlords often controlled their. Additionally, the. Foreign nations with. China remained neutral throughout the upheaval, though they were. Qing through the first. Still, the United States was largely supportive of the. United States was among the first countries. Republic. Britain, Japan. Russia soon followed.
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